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Noto, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, occupies a dramatic and geographically complex position along the Noto Peninsula’s western coast. Situated at approximately 37.3066° N, 137.1500° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by steep, rugged hills and valleys, a direct consequence of its location within the Japan Sea coast’s geologically active zone. The elevation varies considerably, contributing to localized microclimates and influencing air circulation patterns. Noto is nestled between the Sea of Japan to the west and the mountainous interior of Ishikawa Prefecture to the east, creating a funnel effect that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, comprising terraced rice paddies, small-scale agriculture (particularly wajima nori seaweed farming), and dense forests of Japanese cedar and cypress. This urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Noto maintaining a distinctly traditional character, largely untouched by large-scale industrial development. While there are some small fishing ports and related processing facilities, the region lacks major industrial belts. The proximity to the Sea of Japan introduces a maritime influence, with frequent sea breezes and high humidity, which can both disperse and, conversely, trap pollutants depending on atmospheric stability. The peninsula’s shape also contributes to unique wind patterns, often channeling winds along the coast, impacting the distribution of airborne particles. The city’s relatively small population (approximately 15,687) means that local emissions are primarily residential and agricultural, rather than stemming from significant industrial sources.

Noto’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its coastal location and regional climate. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses frequently settle over the region, leading to temperature inversions where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground. This inversion prevents vertical mixing, effectively trapping pollutants released from residential heating (primarily wood and kerosene) and agricultural activities. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersal. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind patterns become more variable, breaking up inversions and dispersing accumulated pollutants. Summer (June-August) is generally the cleanest period, characterized by strong sea breezes that effectively flush out any accumulated particulate matter. However, occasional periods of stagnant air can still occur. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition period, with increasing humidity and the potential for localized fog, which can temporarily degrade air quality. Typhoons, though infrequent, can bring heavy rainfall and strong winds that temporarily improve air quality by washing away pollutants. Sensitive groups, such as the elderly, children, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with dense fog or reported poor air quality. Agricultural workers should be mindful of potential exposure to pesticides and fertilizers during planting and harvesting seasons, regardless of the time of year. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation is crucial during the winter months.