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Ebino, nestled in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, occupies a unique and challenging geographic position at the foot of Mount Ebino, an active stratovolcano. Its coordinates (32.0453, 130.8108) place it within a region characterized by a dramatic urban–rural gradient. The city itself is a relatively small, primarily residential community, transitioning rapidly into the forested slopes of the volcanic mountain. This proximity to Mount Ebino significantly influences the local microclimate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by volcanic terrain, including lava plateaus and fertile agricultural lands used for rice cultivation and citrus farming, particularly satsuma oranges, a regional specialty. Ebino benefits from its location near Nichinan Coast, offering a degree of maritime influence, though the prevailing winds often originate from the mountains. The elevation varies considerably within the city limits, ranging from low-lying areas near the coastal plain to higher elevations closer to the mountain base, creating localized variations in temperature and air circulation. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Miyazaki Prefecture has some light manufacturing and processing industries, and agricultural practices, including fertilizer use, can contribute to localized air pollutants. The volcanic soil, while fertile, can also release particulate matter, especially during periods of seismic activity or erosion. The city’s layout reflects its mountainous setting, with winding roads and dispersed settlements, further complicating air flow patterns and potentially trapping pollutants in certain areas.

Ebino’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its geography and climate. Spring (March-May) sees increased pollen levels from the surrounding forests and citrus groves, impacting respiratory health, particularly for those with allergies. Gentle breezes often prevail, dispersing pollutants relatively effectively, but stagnant periods can occur. Summer (June-August) is generally the cleanest season, thanks to the humid subtropical climate and frequent rainfall which naturally scrubs the atmosphere. Monsoonal winds from the Pacific Ocean provide consistent ventilation, minimizing pollutant accumulation. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially in the valleys. Autumn (September-November) marks a shift, with decreasing rainfall and a greater likelihood of temperature inversions as the air cools. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can also contribute to increased particulate matter during this period. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses frequently settle in the valleys, creating persistent temperature inversions that trap pollutants released from residential heating and agricultural activities. Fog, common during winter mornings, further exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, particularly on days with low visibility or a noticeable odour. Staying informed about local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor exposure.