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Kashima, Saga Prefecture, Japan, occupies a geographically significant position within the island nation, nestled on the western coast of Kyushu. Located at approximately 33.1039° N, 130.0986° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gentle slope towards the Ariake Sea, a shallow inland sea separating Kyushu from Honshu. This coastal proximity significantly influences Kashima’s microclimate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is a blend of cultivated rice paddies and rolling hills, indicative of Saga’s strong agricultural heritage. To the west lies the Ariake Sea, providing a natural ventilation pathway, but also a potential source of maritime-borne pollutants. Inland, the terrain gradually rises, transitioning into forested areas, which can act as both a carbon sink and a barrier to air mass movement. Kashima’s urban character is distinctly rural, with a low population density (27,710) and a predominantly agricultural economy. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with residential areas blending seamlessly into farmland. While not directly situated within a major industrial belt, Kashima benefits from its proximity to larger industrial zones in Nagasaki and Fukuoka prefectures, potentially experiencing downwind impacts from their emissions. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 20-30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during periods of temperature inversion, particularly in the autumn and winter months. The prevailing winds from the Ariake Sea play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne particles.

Kashima’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its climate and geographical setting. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as temperatures rise and winds strengthen, dispersing any lingering winter pollutants. However, pollen season can significantly impact respiratory health, creating a localized air quality challenge for sensitive individuals. Summer (June-August) is typically the cleanest period, driven by strong southwesterly monsoon winds that effectively flush out pollutants. High temperatures and humidity, however, can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, a respiratory irritant, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Autumn (September-November) presents the most significant air quality concerns. As temperatures cool, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants near the ground. Combined with decreasing wind speeds, this can lead to periods of reduced visibility and elevated particulate matter. The agricultural burning season, while regulated, can also contribute to localized smoke pollution. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cold, stable air and frequent fog, further exacerbating the effects of temperature inversions and trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, especially on days with low visibility. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. The Ariake Sea’s influence is most pronounced during autumn and winter, potentially carrying maritime aerosols and contributing to fog formation, which further reduces air quality.