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Tabuse, nestled in the Yamaguchi Prefecture of Japan, occupies a geographically significant position within the Chūgoku region. Located at approximately 33.95°N, 132.04°E, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gradual transition from the coastal plains of the Seto Inland Sea to the foothills of the Chugoku Mountains. This elevation change, though moderate, influences local air circulation patterns. Tabuse sits on a relatively flat plain, facilitating urban development, but its proximity to the mountains creates a funnel effect, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The Seto Inland Sea, to the south, provides a moderating influence on the climate, but also introduces the possibility of sea salt aerosols impacting air quality. The surrounding landscape is a blend of cultivated rice paddies and small-scale agricultural fields, typical of rural Japan, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. While Tabuse itself is a small city, it’s part of a wider regional network, and lies within reasonable commuting distance of larger industrial areas further north, potentially exposing it to transboundary pollution. The city’s location, therefore, presents a complex interplay of natural factors and regional influences that shape its air quality profile. The relatively low population density (14,515) suggests a primarily residential character, with limited heavy industry directly within the city limits, though agricultural practices and regional transport contribute to the overall air quality picture.

Tabuse’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Japan’s monsoon climate. Spring (March-May) often brings a period of relatively clean air, aided by prevailing northwesterly winds that sweep across the Seto Inland Sea, dispersing pollutants. However, this period can be punctuated by occasional episodes of stagnant air, particularly during periods of high pressure. Summer (June-August) is typically humid and warm, with frequent rainfall that helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, the increased use of air conditioning can contribute to localized ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) presents the most challenging period. The transition from summer to winter often involves temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can also contribute to particulate matter levels during this time. Winter (December-February) is generally drier and colder, with periods of fog that can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, such as the elderly, children, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during autumn and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or fog. Spring offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor pursuits, while summer’s humidity can be a factor for some. Careful monitoring of local weather patterns and air quality reports is advisable throughout the year.