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Kafr ‘Awān, nestled within the Irbid Governorate of northern Jordan, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 32.4167° N, 35.6833° E. The city’s terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the northern Jordanian highlands, with an elevation averaging around 600 meters above sea level. This elevation contributes to a cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions of Jordan, but also influences air circulation patterns. Kafr ‘Awān sits within a predominantly rural landscape, surrounded by agricultural fields – primarily olives, grapes, and fruit orchards – which contribute to seasonal biomass burning and potential particulate matter emissions. The city exhibits a gradual urban-rural gradient, transitioning from a small, densely populated core to more dispersed residential areas and then to the surrounding agricultural lands. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the area benefits from proximity to the Yarmouk River, approximately 30 kilometers to the east, influencing local humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of pollutants. The broader region is part of the Levant, a zone experiencing complex meteorological interactions. Industrial activity is limited within Kafr ‘Awān itself, but the proximity to Irbid, a larger urban center with industrial zones, means that pollutants generated there can be transported to Kafr ‘Awān, particularly under specific wind conditions. The surrounding landscape, dominated by agricultural practices and the undulating terrain, plays a crucial role in shaping local air quality, creating both sources of pollution and barriers to its dispersal.

Kafr ‘Awān’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional weather patterns. During the spring (March-May), agricultural activities intensify, leading to increased emissions from burning crop residues – a common practice for land clearing and fertilization. This period often sees elevated levels of particulate matter, particularly during periods of calm winds. Summer (June-August) brings hot, dry conditions and increased temperatures, which can exacerbate ozone formation, although the relatively low population density mitigates this somewhat. The dry air also promotes dust lifting, contributing to particulate pollution. Autumn (September-November) typically offers improved air quality as agricultural burning decreases, and cooler temperatures reduce ozone production. However, occasional dust storms originating from the Arabian Peninsula can impact air quality during this season. Winter (December-February) is generally the most challenging period. Cold air masses frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and resulting in stagnant air conditions. Fog, common during winter mornings, further restricts dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, particularly on days with visible fog or calm winds. While the agricultural sector is vital, exploring alternative residue management techniques could significantly improve air quality during the spring months. Public awareness campaigns promoting responsible burning practices and encouraging the use of cleaner agricultural technologies are crucial for safeguarding public health.