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Malkā, a municipality within the Irbid Governorate of Jordan, occupies a compelling geographic position in the northern highlands. Situated at coordinates 32.6653°N, 35.7333°E, the city rests at an elevation of approximately 650 meters above sea level, contributing to a cooler, more temperate climate than much of Jordan. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills and fertile agricultural land, part of the broader Hauran plateau. Malkā isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though it benefits from seasonal rainfall and groundwater resources. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Malkā itself is a smaller urban centre, quickly transitioning into agricultural fields dominated by olive groves, wheat, and barley cultivation. While not a heavily industrialised zone, Irbid Governorate as a whole experiences some industrial activity, particularly related to food processing and light manufacturing, which can contribute to regional air pollution. The city’s location within a valley can also exacerbate pollution events, as topographical features can trap pollutants and limit air circulation. Dust from surrounding agricultural lands and potential transboundary pollution from neighbouring countries further influence the local air quality profile. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, play a crucial role in pollutant dispersion, but can also carry dust storms.

Malkā’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary worsening due to agricultural burning practices as farmers prepare fields for planting, releasing particulate matter. Dust storms, originating from the Syrian Desert and Iraq, are also common during this period, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, with higher temperatures promoting better atmospheric mixing and rainfall washing away pollutants. However, increased vehicle traffic during the holiday season can locally elevate nitrogen dioxide levels. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of agricultural activity and potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants in the valley. These inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air, are particularly problematic. Winter (December-February) is characterised by increased heating demands, leading to higher emissions from wood and kerosene burning, especially in older homes. Fog, common during winter mornings, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during spring dust storms and winter heating seasons. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak agricultural burning times are advisable.