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Zarqa, Jordan's second-largest city, occupies a strategic position in the semi-arid highlands of West Asia, approximately 25 kilometers northeast of Amman at an elevation of 620 meters above sea level. Situated within the Zarqa River basin, the city's geography is characterized by a gently undulating plateau that transitions eastward into the arid desert landscapes of the Badia region. This urban center serves as Jordan's primary industrial hub, with extensive manufacturing zones concentrated along major transportation corridors, particularly the Amman-Zarqa highway, creating a distinct industrial belt that significantly influences local air quality. The city's proximity to Amman has fostered rapid urbanization, resulting in a dense urban core surrounded by sprawling residential districts that blend into agricultural lands and barren terrain. The Zarqa River, though often seasonal and heavily impacted by industrial discharge, provides the only notable water body in the immediate vicinity. The city's location in a topographic basin exacerbates air pollution issues, as surrounding hills trap emissions from vehicles, industries, and residential sources. Dust from nearby desert regions frequently sweeps into the urban area, combining with local construction and road dust to create persistent particulate matter challenges. The urban-rural gradient is sharply defined, with industrial zones giving way to agricultural plots and then arid rangelands, yet pollution readily disperses across this landscape due to the region's wind patterns and topographic constraints.

Zarqa's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its semi-arid climate and urban-industrial character. During winter (November-February), pollution peaks dramatically as temperature inversions trap vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and smoke from residential heating and waste burning close to the ground. Cold, stagnant air combined with increased energy use creates hazardous conditions, particularly in December and January when dense fog sometimes forms, further concentrating pollutants. Sensitive groups should avoid prolonged outdoor exposure during these months and monitor local air quality reports. Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants, though dust storms from the eastern deserts can cause sudden spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) offers the cleanest air overall, with strong daytime winds and intense sunlight helping to break down some pollutants, yet extreme heat can elevate ozone levels and dust remains a concern during windy periods. Autumn (September-October) sees a transitional phase as winds diminish and temperatures cool, allowing pollution to begin accumulating ahead of the winter peak. For outdoor activities, summer provides the most favorable conditions despite the heat, while winter months require caution, especially for children, elderly residents, and those with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions who should limit exertion and consider indoor air filtration during peak pollution periods.