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Maqat, a small settlement within the Atyraū Region of Kazakhstan, occupies a geographically significant position within the Caspian Lowlands. Located at approximately 47.65°N, 53.31°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the vast steppe landscape that defines much of northern Kazakhstan. Its proximity to the Caspian Sea, though not directly coastal, influences regional weather patterns and contributes to humidity levels, particularly during warmer months. Maqat’s location is inextricably linked to the region’s petroleum industry; it sits within a zone of intensive oil and gas extraction and processing, forming part of Kazakhstan’s substantial industrial belt. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily wheat and barley – interspersed with oil fields, pipelines, and associated infrastructure. This creates a distinct urban–rural gradient, with Maqat serving as a service hub for the surrounding industrial and agricultural communities. The flatness of the terrain, combined with relatively low elevation (around 15 meters above sea level), can exacerbate air pollution issues. Stable atmospheric conditions, common in this region, can lead to the trapping of pollutants near the ground, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. The prevailing winds, often light and variable, offer limited dispersion of emissions from the nearby oil and gas facilities and agricultural activities, further impacting local air quality. The lack of significant topographical features to break up airflow contributes to this phenomenon, making Maqat vulnerable to localized pollution episodes.

Maqat’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winters (December-February) are typically characterized by cold temperatures and frequent fog, a consequence of the Caspian Sea’s moisture interacting with the frigid air. This fog, while visually striking, significantly reduces air quality by trapping pollutants close to the ground, leading to periods of stagnant air and increased particulate matter. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air, are also common during winter, further hindering vertical mixing and exacerbating pollution. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual warming and increased wind speeds, which generally improve air quality as pollutants are dispersed. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and field burning (though increasingly regulated), can contribute to localized spikes in pollutants. Summers (June-August) are hot and relatively dry, with occasional dust storms originating from the surrounding steppe. While wind speeds are generally higher than in winter, the intense heat can promote the formation of ground-level ozone, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) sees a return of cooler temperatures and increased humidity, with a gradual decline in air quality as winter conditions begin to set in. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and be mindful of potential ozone levels during summer heatwaves. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during spring and autumn, but vigilance regarding agricultural practices is advised.