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Arqalyq, nestled in the north-central expanse of Kazakhstan within the Qostanay Region, occupies a unique geographic position on the Ishim River’s floodplain. The city’s coordinates (50.2481° N, 66.9278° E) place it within the vast Kazakh Steppe, a relatively flat, semi-arid grassland. The terrain is gently undulating, rising slightly to the north and west, but generally remains low-lying. Elevation averages around 200-250 meters above sea level. The Ishim River, a crucial waterway, influences local microclimates and provides some moisture, though the region is still characterized by continental climate extremes. Arqalyq’s urban character is that of a provincial centre, historically linked to mining and processing of local resources. Surrounding the city are extensive agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to grain cultivation, and remnants of Soviet-era industrial facilities. This blend of agriculture and industry significantly impacts air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; transitioning quickly from the city’s built environment to open steppe. The prevailing winds, generally from the west and northwest, can transport pollutants from both agricultural activities (dust, pesticides) and industrial sources, concentrating them within the city basin, particularly during stable atmospheric conditions. The flat terrain offers limited natural dispersion of pollutants.

Air quality in Arqalyq exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter due to dust storms originating from the surrounding agricultural lands as fields are prepared for planting. Melting snow also contributes to localised dampness and potential for stagnant air. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, benefiting from occasional rainfall and stronger winds that aid dispersion, though temperatures can still promote ground-level ozone formation. However, increased agricultural activity, including harvesting, can release dust and pollen. Autumn (September-November) marks a deterioration in air quality as heating systems are activated, increasing emissions from coal and other fuels used for residential and industrial heating. Temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is generally the worst period for air quality, characterised by prolonged cold temperatures, heavy reliance on coal for heating, and stable atmospheric conditions that prevent pollutant dispersal. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during November to February. Fog, common in winter, exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during temperature inversions is advisable.