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Atasū, nestled within the Ulytaū Region of Kazakhstan, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 48.69°N, 71.65°E. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills and plains, typical of the Kazakh Uplands, with an elevation of around 350 meters above sea level. This moderate elevation contributes to localized temperature inversions, a key factor influencing air quality. Atasū sits on the edge of the vast Kazakh Steppe, a landscape dominated by grasslands and sparse vegetation, extending eastward. To the west, the terrain gradually rises towards the foothills of the Ural Mountains, influencing prevailing wind patterns. The city’s proximity to agricultural zones, particularly those cultivating grains and sunflowers, means seasonal agricultural practices, including fertilizer application and harvesting, can impact local air quality. While Atasū lacks immediate access to large bodies of water, the nearby Irtysh River, though distant, influences regional weather systems. The urban–rural gradient around Atasū is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural land and steppe, limiting the buffering effect of extensive green spaces. Industrial activity in the region is primarily focused on food processing and light manufacturing, contributing to localized emissions. The city’s location within a continental climate zone, far from oceanic influences, exacerbates temperature extremes and can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. The surrounding landscape, largely devoid of dense forest cover, offers limited natural air purification.

Atasū’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its continental climate. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging, characterized by prolonged periods of cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and other emissions. The lack of wind during these months further compounds the problem. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application and the initial stages of planting, can introduce new sources of air pollution. Summer (June-August) generally sees the best air quality, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and frequent winds. However, dust storms originating from the surrounding steppe can occasionally degrade air quality. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period. As temperatures cool, the risk of temperature inversions returns, and agricultural harvesting activities contribute to elevated particulate levels. The months of November and December are particularly susceptible to poor air quality due to the combination of cold temperatures, inversions, and reduced wind. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and days with stagnant air. During the harvest season, wearing masks can help reduce exposure to agricultural dust. Staying informed about local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year.