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Aksay, situated in West Kazakhstan Oblast, occupies a geographically significant position within the expansive Kazakh Steppe. Located at coordinates 51.1678° N, 52.9950° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat to gently undulating, characteristic of the region. Aksay’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The city is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though it lies within the drainage basin of endorheic rivers that do not flow to the ocean, increasing the potential for salt accumulation and dust events. The surrounding landscape is primarily agricultural, with extensive grain farming and livestock grazing. To the east, the terrain begins to rise towards the foothills of the Mugodzhary Mountains, influencing regional wind patterns. Aksay’s proximity to the oil and gas fields of the region, and associated processing facilities, is a key factor in its air quality profile. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a rapid transition from the city’s built environment to open steppe. This creates localized heat island effects, potentially trapping pollutants. The prevailing winds, often from the northwest, can transport pollutants from industrial sources across the city, impacting air quality for residents. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for mitigating pollution and protecting public health.

Aksay experiences a continental climate with stark seasonal contrasts, profoundly influencing air quality. Winters (November to February) are bitterly cold, with frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly from residential heating using coal and wood. Calm conditions exacerbate this, leading to periods of poor air quality. Spring (March to May) brings increased wind activity, offering some dispersion, but also dust storms originating from the surrounding agricultural lands. These dust events significantly elevate particulate matter concentrations. Summers (June to August) are hot and dry, with occasional heatwaves. While winds can be stronger, the lack of precipitation means pollutants accumulate. The highest ozone levels are typically observed during these months due to increased sunlight and temperature. Autumn (September to October) sees a gradual cooling, with increased humidity and the return of stable atmospheric conditions. Agricultural burning of crop residue, a common practice, contributes to localized spikes in particulate matter. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter inversions and periods of dust storms. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding activity near industrial areas is advisable throughout the year.