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Töle Bī, a small city in Zhambyl Province, Kazakhstan, occupies a position within the foothills of the Tian Shan mountains, at approximately 43°N, 40°E and an elevation around 1,000 meters. This location significantly influences its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by semi-arid steppe gradually rising into mountainous terrain. The city benefits from proximity to several small rivers originating in the mountains, providing some moisture but not acting as substantial pollution sinks. Töle Bī’s regional position places it within a broader agricultural zone, with surrounding lands dedicated to grain farming and livestock grazing. While not a major industrial hub itself, the city serves as a regional service centre for these agricultural activities, and is connected to larger industrial areas further north and west. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the city is a concentrated settlement amidst vast, sparsely populated steppes. This means pollutants emitted within Töle Bī have limited dispersion, particularly during stable atmospheric conditions. The mountainous terrain can channel winds, creating localised areas of higher pollution concentration, and also contributes to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads is a consistent factor, exacerbated by the dry climate.

Air quality in Töle Bī follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter due to dust storms originating from the surrounding agricultural lands as the ground thaws and farming activities begin. Melting snow also contributes to increased runoff carrying pollutants. Summers (June-August) are generally drier, with better dispersion due to higher temperatures and occasional breezes, offering a temporary respite. However, increased vehicle traffic during the warmer months can locally elevate nitrogen dioxide levels. Autumn (September-November) is often the most challenging period. Temperature inversions become frequent as the air cools, trapping pollutants – particularly from residential heating with coal and wood – close to the ground. Smoke from agricultural burning of crop residue also adds to the problem. Winter (December-February) is characterised by consistently cold temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions, exacerbating the effects of heating emissions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Avoiding peak heating hours and staying indoors on still, cold days is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and heeding any public health advisories is crucial.