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Üshtöbe, nestled within the Zhetisū Region of Kazakhstan, occupies a geographically significant position in the southeastern part of the country. Located at coordinates 45.2422° N, 77.9822° E, the city sits within a valley landscape, influenced by the surrounding Trans-Ili Alatau mountains to the south and east. The terrain is characterised by gently rolling hills and plains, with an elevation around 1000-1200 meters above sea level. This altitude contributes to cooler temperatures and a distinct continental climate. The city is situated near the Narym River, a tributary of the Balkhash River system, providing a local water source but also potentially influencing humidity and localised temperature inversions. Üshtöbe’s regional position places it along transport corridors connecting eastern and western Kazakhstan, potentially increasing traffic-related emissions. While not a major industrial hub, the surrounding areas feature agricultural activity, including crop cultivation and livestock farming, which can contribute to particulate matter from dust and agricultural practices. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means that prevailing winds can readily transport pollutants from rural sources into the urban centre, impacting air quality. The valley location can also trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues during periods of calm weather.

Üshtöbe experiences a pronounced seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in particulate matter as snow melts and agricultural activities resume, stirring up dust and releasing ammonia from fertilizers. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with occasional spikes linked to wildfires in the surrounding mountainous regions and increased vehicle traffic during the warmer months. However, high temperatures can promote ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is often the most challenging period. Temperature inversions become frequent as cooler air settles in the valley, trapping pollutants from heating systems and agricultural burning. Smoke from burning agricultural residue is a significant contributor. Wind patterns shift, often becoming calmer, reducing dispersion. Winter (December-February) brings consistently cold temperatures and heavy reliance on coal and wood for heating, leading to elevated levels of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during autumn and winter. Months to favour for outdoor activity are June and July, but even then, monitoring conditions is advisable. Fog can also exacerbate pollution in the colder months, trapping pollutants near ground level.