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El Wak, a bustling market town in Mandera County, Kenya, occupies a strategically important position within the northern frontier region, bordering Somalia. Situated at approximately 2.8167° latitude and 40.9333° longitude, the town lies within a semi-arid landscape characterized by undulating plains and scattered hills, typical of the Horn of Africa’s arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL). The elevation averages around 1,300 meters (4,265 feet) above sea level, contributing to cooler temperatures compared to lower-lying areas, but also influencing atmospheric stability. The surrounding terrain is dominated by sparse vegetation, primarily acacia scrub and grasses, reflecting the limited rainfall. While El Wak itself lacks direct proximity to major rivers or lakes, it draws water from boreholes and seasonal streams, highlighting the region’s water scarcity. The urban fabric is relatively compact, with a mix of traditional dwellings and more modern constructions, reflecting its role as a trading hub. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly into pastoral lands, where nomadic communities practice livestock herding, a significant economic activity. Agricultural zones are limited to small-scale irrigation farming along the few available water sources. The regional position, bordering Somalia, means El Wak experiences transboundary influences, including potential dust incursions from the vast deserts to the east. The prevailing winds, often carrying fine particulate matter, are a key factor shaping local air quality. The relatively flat topography can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed, hindering dispersion.

El Wak’s air quality is largely dictated by its semi-arid climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry seasonal pattern. The longer dry season, typically spanning from June to October, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During this period, reduced rainfall leads to increased dust generation from exposed soils, exacerbated by frequent wind events. The lack of vegetation cover further contributes to this dust loading. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized episodes of poor air quality. The shorter wet season, from November to May, brings a temporary reprieve. Rainfall washes away accumulated dust and increases humidity, which can help to settle particulate matter. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and muddy conditions, which can temporarily worsen air quality. The months of July and August often experience the highest dust concentrations, making them less favourable for outdoor activities, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions. Conversely, March and April, coinciding with the peak of the wet season, generally offer the best air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and wearing appropriate masks when dust levels are high. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air filtration can also provide some protection.