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Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, sits in the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula at an elevation of approximately 600 meters above sea level, nestled within the Pristina District. The city occupies a basin surrounded by the low hills of the Kosovo Plain, with the Šar Mountains to the south and the Kopaonik range to the north, creating a topographical enclosure that significantly influences air quality. This basin-like terrain traps pollutants, particularly during winter when temperature inversions are common, preventing the dispersion of emissions from vehicle exhaust, residential wood and lignite burning, and industrial sources. Pristina's urban character is marked by rapid post-war development, with a mix of historic Ottoman-era architecture and modern construction, leading to ongoing dust from building sites. The city lies near the Sitnica River, but this small water body does little to mitigate pollution. Proximity to the Kosovo B power plant, located southwest of the city, adds substantial industrial emissions, while the urban-rural gradient sees residential areas transitioning into agricultural zones where biomass burning occurs. The region's position in southeastern Europe, away from major maritime influences, results in continental climate patterns that exacerbate pollution retention, making geography a critical factor in Pristina's air quality challenges.

In Pristina, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern driven by meteorological conditions and human activities. During winter, from November through February, pollution peaks sharply due to increased residential heating with wood and lignite, combined with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants in the city's basin. Cold, stagnant air and low wind speeds prevent dispersion, leading to hazardous conditions, especially for sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory issues, who should limit outdoor exposure and use air purifiers indoors. Spring brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants, though construction dust and vehicle emissions persist; March to May offers better air quality for outdoor activities. Summer sees further relief with higher temperatures and occasional rainfall that wash away particulates, making June to August the most favourable months for outdoor pursuits, despite ongoing industrial emissions. Autumn marks a transition, with pollution levels rising again in October as heating resumes and weather becomes more stable, but it remains less severe than winter. Throughout the year, fog can exacerbate visibility and pollution issues in colder months, while the lack of a monsoon or strong seasonal winds means natural cleansing is limited, underscoring the need for year-round vigilance, particularly in peak winter months.