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Kök-Janggak, nestled within the Jalal-Abad Province of Kyrgyzstan, occupies a geographically significant position in the Fergana Valley. Situated at coordinates 41.0307°N, 73.2058°E, the city’s elevation of approximately 790 meters (2,592 feet) contributes to a continental climate with distinct seasonal variations. The surrounding landscape is characterised by a mix of mountainous terrain – part of the Tian Shan range – and fertile valley floors. This topography plays a crucial role in air quality, as the mountains can trap pollutants during temperature inversions, particularly in the colder months. Kök-Janggak is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, but benefits from irrigation canals fed by mountain snowmelt, supporting the surrounding agricultural lands. The region is predominantly agricultural, with cotton, wheat, and fruit cultivation being prominent. While Kök-Janggak itself isn’t a major industrial hub, its proximity to larger towns and cities within the Fergana Valley means it can be affected by regional pollution transport. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads contributes to particulate matter pollution, exacerbated by wind patterns funnelled through the valley.

Air quality in Kök-Janggak follows a pronounced seasonal cycle. Winter (November to February) typically sees the poorest air quality. Cold temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants – primarily from residential heating using coal and wood – close to the ground. Calm wind conditions further exacerbate this. Spring (March to May) brings some improvement as temperatures rise and precipitation increases, washing away accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural burning begins in April/May, releasing smoke and particulate matter. Summer (June to August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, dry conditions can lead to increased dust from agricultural fields and roads. Autumn (September to October) sees a return to deteriorating conditions as heating demand increases and agricultural burning continues. October is often the worst month for smoke haze. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west can bring pollutants from more industrialised areas of the Fergana Valley. Avoiding peak heating hours in the morning and evening during winter is also advisable.