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Joünié, nestled in the Mont-Liban Governorate of Lebanon, occupies a geographically complex position. Situated at coordinates 33.9697, 35.6156, the city dramatically ascends from the Mediterranean coastline, climbing into the foothills of Mount Lebanon. This elevation, reaching approximately 750 meters (2,460 feet) above sea level, significantly influences local weather patterns and air circulation. The city’s urban fabric is tightly woven between the sea and the mountains, creating a steep urban-rural gradient. To the west lies the Mediterranean Sea, providing a moderating influence on temperatures but also contributing to humidity and potential salt spray. Inland, the landscape transitions to rugged, forested slopes, interspersed with agricultural terraces cultivating fruits and vegetables. While Joünié itself isn’t heavily industrialised, the broader Keserwan district, of which it is a part, experiences some industrial activity further inland, and traffic congestion within the city and along the coastal highway is a major contributor to localised pollution. The narrow valleys and mountainous terrain can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues, particularly during temperature inversions. The proximity to Beirut, a major urban centre, also means Joünié is susceptible to regional pollution transport.

Joünié’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Summer (June-August) typically sees relatively better air quality, driven by prevailing sea breezes that help disperse pollutants, though high temperatures can promote ozone formation. However, increased tourism and traffic during this period can offset some of these benefits. Autumn (September-November) brings a deterioration in air quality as temperatures cool and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants in the valleys. This is often compounded by the burning of agricultural waste in surrounding areas. Winter (December-February) is generally the worst period for air quality, with stagnant air masses, increased reliance on heating (often utilising less clean fuels), and reduced sunlight hindering pollutant dispersion. Fog, common during winter, further exacerbates the issue. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, but dust storms originating from the Syrian desert can occasionally impact air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable throughout the year.