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Tubmanburg, the capital of Bomi County, Liberia, occupies a strategically important position within the country’s interior, roughly 96 kilometers northwest of Monrovia. Its location, at approximately 6.87° N, 10.82° W, places it within a transitional zone between the forested coastal plains and the more undulating, agricultural highlands. The city itself is situated on a gently sloping terrain, facilitating drainage but also creating microclimates where stagnant air can accumulate. Surrounding Tubmanburg is a predominantly rural landscape characterized by small-scale farming, particularly cocoa, coffee, and plantain cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to potential air quality concerns through the burning of agricultural waste and the use of fertilizers. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city’s influence extends outwards for a few kilometers, gradually blending into the agricultural fields and scattered villages. There are no major rivers immediately adjacent to Tubmanburg, though smaller streams and seasonal waterways crisscross the surrounding area, influencing local humidity. The absence of significant industrial belts within immediate proximity is a positive factor, however, the potential for future development and expansion of agricultural practices necessitates ongoing monitoring. The elevation, averaging around 250 meters above sea level, influences atmospheric mixing and can contribute to temperature inversions, particularly during the drier months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne particles.

Tubmanburg experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting air quality patterns. The wet season, typically from April to October, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and increased moisture promotes atmospheric cleansing. However, intense rainfall events can also lead to soil erosion and dust storms, temporarily degrading air quality. The dry season, from November to March, presents a more complex scenario. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to a build-up of pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of emissions from cooking fires (a significant source in Tubmanburg) and agricultural burning. The lack of strong winds during this time further exacerbates the problem, leading to stagnant air conditions. Months like December and January often experience the poorest air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, typically in the early morning and late evening. The prevalence of wood-fired cooking stoves across the region contributes significantly to particulate pollution. While the wet season offers a respite, the dry season demands heightened awareness and preventative measures, such as ensuring adequate ventilation in homes and avoiding exposure to smoke. The impact of seasonal agricultural practices, including controlled burns, also needs careful management to minimize their effect on local air quality.