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Al Khums, situated in Libya’s Al Marqab district, occupies a crucial coastal position along the Mediterranean Sea at approximately 32.65°N latitude and 14.26°E longitude. The city’s terrain is characterised by a gentle slope rising from the coastline, transitioning into the Jebel Nafusa mountains further inland. This proximity to the sea exerts a significant influence on local climate and, consequently, air quality. The prevailing winds are generally north-easterly, carrying maritime air masses, but can shift seasonally. Al Khums is not heavily industrialised, though the presence of port facilities and associated transport contribute to localised emissions. Surrounding the urban core is a mix of agricultural land, primarily olive groves and citrus farms, and sparsely populated rural areas. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a concentration of activity and potential pollution sources within the city limits. Dust storms, originating from the Sahara Desert to the south, are a frequent occurrence, significantly impacting particulate matter concentrations. The city’s location within a basin can also exacerbate pollution events, trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. The coastal location moderates temperatures, but also increases humidity, potentially influencing the formation of secondary pollutants.

Al Khums experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons influencing air quality. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which can temporarily improve air quality by washing away particulate matter. However, temperature inversions are common during calm winter nights, trapping pollutants near the ground. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual warming trend and increasing dust activity as winds pick up from the Sahara, leading to elevated particulate matter levels. This is a period to be cautious with outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. Summer (June-August) is hot and dry, with generally good ventilation due to sea breezes, but increased ozone formation is possible due to high temperatures and sunlight. Autumn (September-November) is often the clearest period, with decreasing dust and moderate temperatures. However, the transition season can bring unpredictable weather patterns and localised pollution events. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during periods of high dust or calm weather, regardless of the season. Monitoring local conditions and staying informed about weather forecasts is crucial for protecting health.