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Alytus, Lithuania’s second-largest city, occupies a strategic position in the Dzūkija region of southern Lithuania, at coordinates 54.4000° N, 24.0500° E. The city is nestled within the Nemunas River valley, a landscape characterised by gently rolling hills and extensive forests – a remnant of the ancient forests that once covered much of Europe. The Nemunas River itself significantly influences local air quality, providing some natural dispersion, but also acting as a potential conduit for pollutants from upstream sources. Alytus’s terrain is relatively flat, with an elevation ranging between 120-150 meters above sea level, which can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. Historically, Alytus developed as a transport and industrial hub, with a legacy of manufacturing and processing industries located near the river. While industry has diversified, the remnants of these zones still contribute to localised pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly to pine forests and agricultural land. Surrounding Alytus are significant agricultural areas, contributing to seasonal particulate matter from farming activities. The city’s location within a river valley and its industrial past create a complex interplay of factors affecting its air quality.

Alytus experiences a temperate continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winter (December-February) often sees the poorest air quality, driven by increased reliance on solid fuel heating for residential properties, coupled with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Calm, cold conditions exacerbate this, leading to higher concentrations of particulate matter. Spring (March-May) brings some improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, but agricultural activities begin, contributing to dust and ammonia. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds aiding dispersion and vegetation absorbing pollutants. However, heatwaves can occasionally lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. Air quality initially remains good, but deteriorates as heating season approaches and damp conditions promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Fog is common in autumn and winter, further reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter months and periods of stagnant air. Monitoring pollen levels is also crucial in spring and summer. Avoiding peak traffic hours can also reduce exposure.