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Maroambihy, nestled within the Antsiranana Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the island’s northeastern coast. Located at approximately -14.5036° latitude and 49.8593° longitude, the town’s setting is characterized by a gradual transition from coastal plains to gently undulating hills. The surrounding landscape is dominated by a mix of dense tropical rainforest and pockets of agricultural land, primarily focused on vanilla and clove cultivation, reflecting the region’s economic reliance on these crops. Maroambihy sits relatively close to the Indian Ocean, influencing local weather patterns and potentially impacting air quality through sea breezes and occasional marine aerosol deposition. The elevation is modest, generally below 200 meters, which limits the potential for significant vertical mixing of air pollutants. While not situated directly within a major industrial belt, the town’s proximity to agricultural zones means that seasonal burning practices for land clearing and crop residue disposal can contribute to localized air pollution episodes. The urban–rural gradient around Maroambihy is relatively smooth; the town blends seamlessly into the surrounding agricultural and forested areas, with small villages and rural settlements scattered throughout the landscape. This dispersed settlement pattern, combined with the prevailing winds from the east, influences the dispersion of any pollutants generated within the town, often carrying them towards the interior of the island. The terrain’s gentle slopes and coastal location create a microclimate susceptible to temperature inversions during cooler months, potentially trapping pollutants near the ground.

Maroambihy’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a slight improvement in air quality due to reduced humidity and increased wind speeds. These winds, predominantly originating from the east over the Indian Ocean, help disperse any pollutants generated locally. However, this period also witnesses increased agricultural burning as farmers prepare land for planting, leading to periods of elevated particulate matter. The wet season, from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity. While the rain naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere, the increased humidity can trap pollutants closer to the ground, particularly during periods of reduced wind. Fog, a common occurrence during the wet season, further exacerbates this effect, creating stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions are less frequent than in temperate climates but can still occur during cooler nights, trapping pollutants released during the day. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of agricultural burning and when fog is present. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the drier months, particularly in the mornings when winds are typically stronger. The intensity of rainfall and the frequency of burning practices are key determinants of air quality fluctuations throughout the year, making it crucial to monitor local conditions and heed any public health advisories.