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Ramena, nestled on the northeastern coast of Madagascar within the Antsiranana province, occupies a unique geographic position profoundly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately -12.2421 latitude and 49.3453 longitude, the town enjoys a coastal setting with the Indian Ocean immediately to its east. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of coastal plains, gently sloping hills, and the foothills of the Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve, a significant area of rainforest. This reserve acts as a partial barrier to the west, influencing prevailing wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Ramena’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months. The urban character is primarily that of a small fishing and trading port, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending inland towards agricultural zones focused on vanilla, cloves, and coffee cultivation. These agricultural practices, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized emissions, particularly during harvesting and processing periods. The proximity to the ocean introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures and occasionally bringing in sea spray, which can affect particulate matter. Further inland, the presence of small-scale industries, likely related to processing agricultural products and supporting the fishing industry, adds to the potential for localized air pollution. The town’s relatively small population (11,521) suggests a limited industrial footprint, but the reliance on traditional practices and the surrounding agricultural landscape remain key factors shaping Ramena’s air quality profile.

Ramena’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities like land clearing and harvesting. While winds are generally consistent, periods of calm can lead to localized stagnation, particularly in the lower-lying areas near the coast, potentially trapping emissions from cooking fires and small-scale industries. The wet season, from November to April, brings frequent rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. Fog, a common occurrence during the transition months (October/November and April/May), can trap pollutants close to the ground, creating temporary pockets of poorer air quality. Temperature inversions, more prevalent during the cooler, drier months, can also contribute to pollutant accumulation. During the wet season, the increased prevalence of mould and mildew due to high humidity can trigger allergic reactions and respiratory problems. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of calm winds or fog, and be mindful of potential allergens during the wet season. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, but vigilance regarding humidity and potential mould exposure is advised.