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Ambohimahamasina, nestled within the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position within the island’s central highlands. Located at approximately -21.9339° latitude and 47.1858° longitude, the city’s elevation, around 1100 meters above sea level, contributes to a cooler climate compared to coastal regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and terraced agricultural fields, characteristic of the Betsileo region. This area is renowned for its rice cultivation and vegetable farming, which, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized particulate matter from agricultural burning practices, particularly during land clearing and harvest seasons. The urban fabric of Ambohimahamasina is relatively compact, exhibiting a gradual urban-rural gradient as one moves outwards. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city benefits from proximity to smaller streams and seasonal waterways that contribute to local humidity. The region’s geology, primarily consisting of Precambrian crystalline rocks, influences soil composition and drainage patterns. Industrial activity is limited, primarily focused on small-scale processing of agricultural products and artisanal crafts. Consequently, the dominant air quality influences stem from residential wood burning for cooking and heating, vehicle emissions from a growing number of motorcycles and cars, and the aforementioned agricultural practices. The prevailing winds, generally flowing from the east, can transport pollutants from surrounding agricultural zones into the city, impacting air quality depending on seasonal weather patterns and agricultural intensity.

Ambohimahamasina experiences a tropical highland climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from April to October, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is largely due to increased agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the next planting cycle. The relatively stable atmospheric conditions during this period, sometimes leading to temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, exacerbate the issue. Dust from unpaved roads also becomes more prevalent as drier conditions prevail. The wet season, from November to March, brings frequent rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter. However, periods of prolonged fog, common during the wet season, can trap moisture and pollutants, creating localized pockets of reduced visibility and potentially impacting air quality. Wind patterns shift during the wet season, often becoming more variable, which can disperse pollutants more effectively, but also bring in pollutants from further afield. During the transition months (March/April and October/November), air quality is generally more moderate. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing masks can provide some protection. The wet season, while generally cleaner, can still pose risks during foggy periods, so awareness of visibility is crucial.