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Amborondra, nestled within the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately -21.9180 latitude and 47.7726 longitude. The city’s setting is characterized by a gently sloping terrain, rising gradually from the surrounding plains towards the foothills of the Andringitra Massif, a prominent range within the Highlands of Madagascar. This proximity to the mountains influences local weather patterns and contributes to a unique microclimate. Amborondra sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient. While it functions as a small urban center, the immediate periphery is dominated by agricultural land, primarily smallholder farms cultivating rice, maize, and various fruits and vegetables. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of terraced fields, scattered villages, and patches of dry deciduous forest, typical of the southern Madagascar region. The Betsibarika River, a vital water source, flows nearby, impacting local humidity and potentially influencing the dispersion of pollutants. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Amborondra; however, the region experiences some limited brick-making and timber processing activities, which could contribute localized particulate matter. The elevation, though moderate, plays a role in air circulation, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s location within a relatively isolated region means that long-range transport of pollutants from larger urban centers is less likely, but regional agricultural practices and local combustion sources remain key factors in air quality.

Amborondra’s air quality is largely dictated by its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During this period, reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, hindering the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Increased agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, releases substantial amounts of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more frequent during the dry season, particularly in the mornings, preventing pollutants from dispersing vertically. The prevailing winds during this time are often light and variable, further exacerbating the problem. The wet season, from November to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally washing away pollutants and improving air quality. However, periods of dense fog, common during the wet season, can temporarily trap pollutants near ground level. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the wet season, particularly in the afternoons when rainfall has cleared the air. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, minimizing exposure to outdoor smoke and dust. Agricultural practices should be carefully managed to reduce burning, and alternative land clearing methods explored to mitigate the impact on air quality.