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Andonabe, nestled within the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position within the island’s central highlands. Located at approximately -21.4619 latitude and 47.9509 longitude, the city sits at an elevation that contributes to its relatively cool climate compared to coastal regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and terraced rice paddies, characteristic of the Betsileo region, a major agricultural zone. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices, particularly the burning of crop residues after harvest, represents a key factor influencing local air quality. The urban fabric of Andonabe is compact, reflecting its small population of around 12,000, and primarily consists of traditional Malagasy housing interspersed with more modern structures. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land quickly enveloping the city limits. While Andonabe lacks immediate proximity to major rivers or lakes, it benefits from highland streams and rainwater harvesting, crucial for water resources. The region’s terrain, with its valleys and slopes, can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind. There are no significant industrial belts directly adjacent to Andonabe; however, the broader Fianarantsoa region supports some small-scale processing of agricultural products, potentially contributing to localized emissions. The city’s location within a highland basin, combined with agricultural activity, creates a unique set of conditions impacting air quality, making it susceptible to seasonal variations and localized pollution events.

Andonabe’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its tropical highland climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season pattern. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; the burning of rice straw and other crop residues after harvest is a common, albeit environmentally impactful, tradition. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to persist. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the issue. Conversely, the wet season (November to April) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which generally leads to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust, temporarily impacting air quality. Fog, a frequent occurrence in the highlands, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. During the transition months (April/May and October/November), air quality can be variable, influenced by shifting wind patterns and the interplay between the receding dry season and the approaching wet season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential dust events remains important.