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Antsenavolo, nestled within the Fianarantsoa region of Madagascar, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately -21.3904 latitude and 48.0465 longitude, the city occupies a highland plateau environment. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the central highlands, with an elevation contributing to cooler temperatures compared to coastal regions. This altitude, while moderating temperatures, can also facilitate temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with rice paddies and small-scale farming dominating the rural areas immediately bordering the urban centre. While not heavily industrialised, Antsenavolo serves as a regional market hub, leading to increased traffic and associated emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated areas to agricultural land. Proximity to larger bodies of water is limited, though smaller rivers and streams dissect the landscape, potentially influencing localised humidity and pollutant dispersion. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities is a significant factor, particularly during the dry season. The city’s position within a valley can also limit air circulation, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Antsenavolo experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, roughly from April to October, witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust resuspension from unpaved roads and agricultural lands, contributing to particulate matter pollution. Cooler temperatures during this period can also create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. November to March marks the wet season, bringing relief from dust and a natural cleansing effect through rainfall. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and other biological pollutants indoors. The transition months, April and November, are often characterised by fluctuating conditions and moderate air quality. Wind patterns play a crucial role; winds from the west during the wet season help disperse pollutants, while calmer conditions during the dry season allow them to accumulate. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season (June-August). Fog, common in the cooler months, can exacerbate respiratory issues. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding strenuous activity on days with visible haze is advisable.