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Manandroy, nestled within the Fianarantsoa region of Madagascar, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately -21.1333 latitude and 47.2620 longitude, the city occupies a highland plateau environment. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the central highlands, with an elevation contributing to cooler temperatures compared to coastal regions. Manandroy isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams dissect the landscape, providing vital water resources but also potential pathways for localised pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by rice paddies and small-scale farming, with some areas dedicated to livestock. This agricultural activity is a key factor in potential particulate matter pollution from field preparation and burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Manandroy itself is a small urban centre, quickly transitioning to rural farmland. Limited industrial activity within the city confines suggests that the primary air quality concerns stem from domestic sources – wood burning for cooking and heating – and agricultural practices. The city’s position within a valley can also exacerbate pollution events by trapping air masses, reducing dispersion.

Manandroy experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly from April to October, is characterised by lower rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. This period sees a peak in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations, exacerbated by the common practice of burning agricultural residue after harvest. Wind patterns during these months are generally weaker, reducing pollutant dispersal. November marks the transition, with sporadic rainfall offering temporary relief. The wet season, from November to March, brings significant rainfall, effectively washing away much of the accumulated dust and suppressing particulate matter. However, increased humidity can promote mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights throughout the year, can trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality locally. February and March, towards the end of the wet season, are generally the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the peak of the dry season (July-September) and be mindful of potential mould exposure during the wet season. Monitoring local conditions is crucial.