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Marokarima, nestled within the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position within the island’s central highlands. Located at approximately -21.2210 latitude and 48.1405 longitude, the town sits at an elevation that contributes to its unique microclimate and influences air quality dynamics. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and terraced rice paddies, characteristic of the Betsileo region, a major agricultural zone. This proximity to intensive farming practices, particularly the burning of agricultural waste after harvest, represents a key source of localized air pollution. The urban character of Marokarima is primarily rural, with a slowly developing market area and residential zones sprawling outwards. The urban-rural gradient is gradual, blending seamlessly into the agricultural landscape. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the town benefits from seasonal rainfall and groundwater sources, impacting humidity levels which, in turn, affect pollutant dispersion. The region lacks significant industrial belts; however, small-scale brick kilns and wood-fired cooking stoves are prevalent, contributing to particulate matter emissions. The terrain, with its undulating slopes, can create localized areas of stagnant air, particularly during periods of low wind, exacerbating pollution events. The relatively isolated location, while offering some protection from broader regional pollution, also limits access to advanced air quality monitoring and mitigation technologies.

Marokarima’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its tropical highland climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season pattern. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; the burning of rice straw and other crop residues after harvest is a common, albeit polluting, practice. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to linger. Temperature inversions, more frequent during the cooler, drier months, can trap pollutants near the ground, further degrading air quality. Conversely, the wet season (November to April) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which generally leads to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust events, temporarily impacting air quality. Fog, common during the cooler mornings of the wet season, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, particularly during the months of March and April, when rainfall is consistent but not torrential. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly when agricultural burning is prevalent, and avoid prolonged exposure to outdoor air during periods of stagnant air or fog.