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Marosangy, nestled within the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position within the island’s central highlands. Located at approximately -21.0045 latitude and 48.2867 longitude, the town sits at an elevation that contributes to its relatively cool climate compared to coastal regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and terraced rice paddies, characteristic of the Betsileo region, a major agricultural zone. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices, particularly the burning of crop residues after harvest, represents a key factor influencing local air quality. The urban character of Marosangy is distinctly rural, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards into the surrounding agricultural lands. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the town benefits from seasonal streams and rainwater harvesting, vital for the local population. The terrain is gently sloping, which can influence the dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized concentrations in valleys or sheltered areas. There are no significant industrial belts immediately surrounding Marosangy; however, the town serves as a regional market hub, with increased vehicular traffic during market days contributing to localized emissions. The prevailing winds, generally from the east, play a crucial role in transporting pollutants, impacting air quality both within and downwind of the town. The highland location, combined with the agricultural activity, creates a unique environmental context for air quality management.

Marosangy’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Madagascar’s tropical climate, characterized by a wet and a dry season. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; the burning of rice straw and other crop residues after harvest is a common, albeit polluting, method of land clearing. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to linger. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, can occur during the cooler nights of the dry season, further exacerbating the problem by preventing vertical dispersion of pollutants. The wet season, from November to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of heavy fog, common during the transition months, can trap moisture and pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. The months of September and October, coinciding with the peak of post-harvest burning, are generally the least favourable for outdoor activities, particularly for individuals with respiratory sensitivities. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies may experience increased discomfort due to higher pollen counts and humidity. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and be mindful of potential fog-related issues during the wet season.