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Sakoabe, nestled within the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position in the island’s central highlands. Located at approximately -22.1937° latitude and 47.8396° longitude, the town sits at an elevation of around 1,300 meters (4,265 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to Madagascar’s coastal regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and terraced agricultural fields, characteristic of the Betsileo region, known for its intensive rice cultivation and potato farming. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air quality concerns, particularly during harvesting and burning seasons. Sakoabe itself exhibits a relatively compact urban character, with a discernible urban–rural gradient extending outwards into the surrounding agricultural lands. The town’s proximity to the Onilahy River, though not directly adjacent, influences local microclimates and humidity levels. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Sakoabe; however, the region experiences some small-scale brick-making and timber processing, which can release particulate matter into the air. The terrain, a mix of gentle slopes and steeper inclines, influences wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants. The highland location also means that temperature inversions are more likely to occur during the cooler months, potentially trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The town’s position within a densely populated agricultural region means that agricultural practices significantly shape the local air quality profile.

Sakoabe’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Madagascar’s tropical climate and the interplay of wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a slight improvement in air quality due to reduced humidity and increased wind speeds, which help disperse pollutants. However, this period also coincides with agricultural burning practices, as farmers clear fields for planting, leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations, especially in the mornings. The wet season, from November to April, brings increased rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away pollutants. However, persistent fog and cloud cover, common during this time, can trap moisture and pollutants near the ground, creating localized periods of reduced visibility and potentially impacting air quality. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler months (June-August), particularly in the mornings, when cold air settles in the valleys, preventing the vertical mixing of air and trapping pollutants. During these inversions, smoke from cooking fires and agricultural activities can accumulate. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor activity during these periods, particularly in the early morning. The months of September and October, with increased burning activity, are generally periods to avoid strenuous outdoor exercise. Conversely, the wetter months (December-February) often offer the best air quality, though localized fog can still reduce visibility. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation is crucial year-round.