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Ambakireny, nestled within the Mahajanga province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the Mozambique Channel coastline. Located at approximately -17.6232 latitude and 47.8439 longitude, the town’s urban fabric is intrinsically linked to its coastal setting and the surrounding landscape. The terrain is generally low-lying, transitioning from sandy beaches and coastal plains to gently undulating hills further inland. This relatively flat topography, while facilitating urban expansion, can also contribute to localized air quality challenges, particularly concerning stagnant air conditions. The proximity to the Mozambique Channel exerts a strong influence, moderating temperatures and introducing maritime breezes, which can both disperse and, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. Ambakireny’s regional position places it within a zone characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient. To the west, agricultural zones, primarily focused on vanilla, rice, and cashew cultivation, extend into the interior. These agricultural practices, while vital to the local economy, can introduce particulate matter from burning and fertilizer use. To the east, the coastal landscape is dominated by mangrove forests and fishing communities. The town itself exhibits a modest urban character, with a mix of traditional housing and more modern constructions. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Ambakireny, but the port of Mahajanga, a short distance away, represents a potential source of emissions, particularly during periods of increased shipping activity. The surrounding landscape, a mosaic of coastal scrub, agricultural fields, and scattered villages, shapes the overall air quality dynamics of the region.

Ambakireny’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by lower humidity and increased sunshine hours. While this might seem beneficial, the lack of rainfall allows dust and particulate matter from agricultural activities and unpaved roads to accumulate, leading to periods of reduced visibility and potential respiratory irritation. Wind patterns during this period are often variable, sometimes resulting in stagnant air conditions, especially within the town’s lower-lying areas. The wet season, from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity. These conditions generally improve air quality by washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to flooding, which can release mould spores and other allergens into the air. Fog, a relatively common occurrence during the transition months (October-November and April-May), can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating air quality concerns. During the dry months of July and August, outdoor activities are generally favoured, provided individuals are mindful of potential dust exposure. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged exposure to outdoor air during the dry season, particularly on windy days. The onset of the wet season typically brings a noticeable improvement in air quality, offering a respite from the drier months’ challenges. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and avoiding activities that generate dust are prudent practices throughout the year.