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Andramy, a small city in the Boeny region of Madagascar, sits approximately 15km inland from the Mozambique Channel, near the larger port city of Mahajanga. Its coordinates (-17.9645, 44.7851) place it within a relatively flat coastal plain, characterized by a low elevation that contributes to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by savanna grasslands and mangrove forests along the coast, transitioning to more agricultural land further inland. Andramy’s position within this gradient means it’s susceptible to dust carried from drier, agricultural areas during the dry season, and potentially to salt spray from the ocean during storms. While not a major industrial hub itself, its proximity to Mahajanga, a significant port and industrial centre, means it can experience transboundary pollution. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; Andramy is a relatively small settlement surrounded by predominantly rural landscapes. This limits local emissions sources but doesn’t negate the impact of regional factors. The terrain offers little in the way of natural barriers to airflow, making the city vulnerable to the prevailing wind patterns and any associated pollutant transport. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Andramy.

Andramy experiences a distinct tropical climate with a wet season (November to April) and a dry season (May to October). Air quality generally deteriorates during the dry season. This is due to increased dust from agricultural activities – slash-and-burn farming is common – and reduced rainfall, which normally helps to cleanse the atmosphere. Strong winds during this period can exacerbate the problem, carrying dust and particulate matter into the city. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air below, are also more frequent, hindering pollutant dispersion. The wet season brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes pollutants from the air. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and allergens, impacting respiratory health. Months like August and September are typically the most challenging for air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. Conversely, the months of December to February generally offer better air quality, though humidity remains high. Monitoring wind direction is key; winds from Mahajanga can bring industrial pollutants. Localised burning of waste also contributes to seasonal peaks.