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Besalampy, nestled within the Mahajanga Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the northwestern coast. Located at approximately -16.7495° latitude and 44.4833° longitude, the town sits within a transitional zone between the drier deciduous forests of the west and the more humid coastal plains. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to vanilla, coffee, and clove cultivation, interspersed with pockets of remnant dry forest. This agricultural intensity contributes to localized air quality considerations. Besalampy’s terrain is gently undulating, rising slightly inland from the coastal fringe, with elevations rarely exceeding 100 meters above sea level. The proximity to the Mozambique Channel influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air circulation. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Besalampy itself is a small town, quickly giving way to agricultural fields and forested areas. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the town benefits from groundwater resources. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within Besalampy itself mitigates some pollution risks, however, the burning of agricultural waste, a common practice during harvest seasons, represents a significant localized source of particulate matter. The prevailing winds, generally easterly, can transport pollutants from surrounding agricultural areas into the town, impacting air quality, particularly during periods of calm weather. The relatively flat terrain limits dispersion, potentially trapping pollutants near the surface.

Besalampy’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased temperatures. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations due to agricultural burning practices associated with the vanilla and clove harvests. Farmers frequently utilize controlled burns to clear fields and prepare the soil, releasing significant amounts of smoke and ash into the atmosphere. Calm wind conditions during this season exacerbate the problem, preventing pollutants from dispersing effectively and leading to localized haze. The wet season, from November to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the air and reducing particulate levels. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased fungal spores and allergens in the air, potentially affecting respiratory health. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months (June-August), trapping pollutants near the ground and creating stagnant air conditions. During the hottest months (December-February), temperature inversions are less common, allowing for better vertical mixing and dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor activity during hazy days and wearing masks can help mitigate exposure. The transition months (April/May and October/November) typically offer the most favourable air quality conditions.