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Mahajamba, nestled within the Boeny region of Madagascar, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately -15.7115 latitude and 47.1110 longitude, the city lies close to the Mozambique Channel, a significant factor in its climate and potential for salt-laden air. The terrain is generally flat, characteristic of the coastal plains, with a low elevation that contributes to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Mahajanga, the regional capital, serves as a crucial port city, handling a substantial volume of goods, and this port activity is a key source of localised emissions. Surrounding Mahajamba are expanses of agricultural land, primarily rice paddies and subsistence farming, which contribute to particulate matter through land preparation and seasonal burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the concentrated activity of the city to the more open agricultural landscapes. Industrial activity, while not heavily concentrated, is present in and around Mahajanga, adding to the emission sources. The prevailing winds, influenced by the southeast trade winds, play a role in pollutant transport, but the flat topography limits their effectiveness in flushing out accumulated contaminants. This combination of factors creates a localized air quality profile sensitive to both regional and local emission sources.

Mahajamba experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, roughly from May to October, sees a significant increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities becomes prevalent. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, exacerbating conditions. November marks the transition, with sporadic rainfall offering temporary relief. The wet season, from November to April, generally brings improved air quality due to rainfall washing away pollutants and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mold and mildew, potentially impacting respiratory health. March and April, during peak rainfall, are typically the most favourable months for outdoor activity. The southeast trade winds, stronger during the dry season, can transport dust from inland areas, while the wet season winds are more variable. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season, particularly in the early mornings and evenings when pollutant concentrations are highest. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors during periods of high dust or smoke is advisable.