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Marovato, nestled within the Boeny region of Madagascar and part of the larger Mahajanga province, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately -15.7830° latitude and 48.0861° longitude, the city lies relatively close to the Mozambique Channel, a significant factor in its climate and potential for coastal aerosol transport. The terrain is generally flat, characteristic of the coastal plains of northwestern Madagascar, with a gradual rise inland. This flatness allows for limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Marovato’s urban character is that of a growing regional centre, experiencing increasing, though still relatively modest, levels of motor vehicle traffic and small-scale industrial activity. Surrounding the city are expanses of agricultural land, primarily rice paddies and subsistence farming, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated areas to agricultural landscapes. The proximity to the coast introduces salt spray and marine aerosols into the air, while prevailing winds, often influenced by the southeast trade winds, can carry dust from inland areas. The lack of significant elevation hinders atmospheric mixing, potentially trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. This combination of factors creates a localized air quality profile distinct from other parts of Madagascar.

Marovato experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the rhythm of its air quality. The dry season, roughly from May to October, is typically associated with poorer air quality. This is due to increased dust resuspension from unpaved roads and agricultural fields, coupled with biomass burning for land clearing and agricultural practices. The drier air also limits the natural scavenging of pollutants by rainfall. October often sees a peak in particulate matter as farmers prepare fields for planting. The wet season, from November to April, generally brings improved air quality as rainfall washes away pollutants and suppresses dust. However, high humidity can foster mold growth, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. January and February, the peak of the rainy season, are generally the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier months of June and July, can trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and be mindful of potential mold exposure during the wet season. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as winds from inland can bring dust and smoke, while coastal breezes can carry salt spray.