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Ampasimbe, nestled within the Toamasina Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position along the eastern coast. Located at approximately -16.8220 latitude and 49.0029 longitude, the city’s immediate surroundings are characterized by a blend of coastal plains and gently undulating terrain. The proximity to the Indian Ocean exerts a powerful influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The landscape transitions rapidly from sandy beaches and mangrove forests to a backdrop of low-lying hills and agricultural land, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. Toamasina, Madagascar’s primary port city, lies relatively close, and its industrial activities, including processing of agricultural products like vanilla and cloves, contribute to regional air pollution patterns. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, with rice paddies and smallholder farms dominating the landscape. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can introduce particulate matter into the air, particularly during harvesting and burning seasons. Elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate temperature inversions and trap pollutants close to the ground. The prevailing easterly trade winds, typical of the region, generally provide some degree of ventilation, but their effectiveness is often diminished during periods of calm weather. The city’s compact size and limited infrastructure mean that vehicle emissions and localized burning practices are the primary contributors to air quality concerns within Ampasimbe itself.

Ampasimbe’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and diminished wind speeds. During these months, temperature inversions are more frequent, trapping emissions from local sources – primarily cooking fires using biomass and limited vehicle traffic – near the surface. The lack of consistent rainfall means that dust and particulate matter remain suspended in the air for longer periods. Conversely, the wet season, from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere, washing away particulate matter and reducing overall pollution levels. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased mould and fungal spores, potentially affecting respiratory health. The monsoon winds, though less pronounced than in other parts of the Indian Ocean, still play a role in dispersing pollutants during the wet season. Fog, particularly during the transition months (April/May and October/November), can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air. The months of July and August often experience the most persistent periods of calm weather, making them potentially challenging for air quality. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies should be mindful of increased pollen and mould counts.