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Andilanatoby, nestled within the Toamasina Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position along the eastern coast. Located at approximately -17.9335 latitude and 48.2366 longitude, the town’s immediate surroundings are characterized by a blend of coastal plains and gently undulating terrain. The Indian Ocean lies just a short distance eastward, exerting a considerable influence on local climate and atmospheric conditions. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture, primarily focused on rice cultivation and the production of fruits and vegetables, interspersed with pockets of dense, tropical forest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of agricultural waste and the use of fertilizers. Andilanatoby’s urban character is that of a small, developing settlement, with a population of around 22,000. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the built environment to agricultural land and forest. The town’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air. While not situated directly within a major industrial belt, Toamasina, a larger port city approximately 30km north, generates industrial emissions that can be transported by prevailing winds towards Andilanatoby. The proximity to the ocean also introduces marine aerosols and salt particles into the atmosphere, impacting air quality and visibility. The terrain’s gentle slopes and coastal location combine to create a microclimate susceptible to temperature inversions, which can trap pollutants near the ground.

Andilanatoby experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The wet season, typically spanning from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. While the rain helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The dry season, from May to October, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. During this period, particularly in July and August, stagnant air conditions are more common, leading to a build-up of pollutants. Meteorological factors play a crucial role. The trade winds, which generally blow from the east, can provide ventilation, dispersing pollutants. However, periods of calm winds, often associated with high-pressure systems, result in pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, are more frequent during the dry season, trapping emissions. Fog, which can form during cooler mornings, also restricts atmospheric mixing and concentrates pollutants. The burning of agricultural waste, a common practice during the dry season to clear fields for planting, is a significant contributor to particulate matter pollution. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air or fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, when rainfall helps to improve air quality.