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Antanambao Mahatsara, nestled within the Toamasina Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position along the eastern coast. Located at approximately -19.3134° latitude and 48.7997° longitude, the town’s setting is defined by its proximity to the Indian Ocean and the expansive coastal plains. The surrounding landscape is a blend of low-lying coastal terrain gradually rising towards the interior highlands, creating a subtle urban–rural gradient. This gradient influences local wind patterns and the dispersal of potential pollutants. The town itself is relatively small, with a population of around 16,482, suggesting a primarily rural character transitioning towards a small urban centre. The presence of the Indian Ocean moderates temperatures, but also introduces the potential for marine-derived aerosols and salt spray impacting air quality. Toamasina, Madagascar’s largest port city, lies a short distance to the north, and its industrial activities, including processing of agricultural products like vanilla and cloves, and shipping operations, could contribute to regional air pollution, though the distance mitigates direct impacts. Agricultural zones, particularly those cultivating rice and other crops, are prevalent in the surrounding areas, and seasonal burning practices associated with land clearing could occasionally affect air quality. The elevation is relatively low, generally below 50 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate temperature inversions and trap pollutants close to the ground, particularly during cooler months. The coastal location also means the town is susceptible to sea breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on prevailing wind directions.

Antanambao Mahatsara experiences a tropical climate characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The wet season, typically spanning from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity. While the rain naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. The dry season, from May to October, is generally warmer and drier, with less frequent rainfall. During this period, the lack of precipitation allows pollutants to accumulate, particularly when combined with periods of stagnant air. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months of June and July, trap pollutants near the ground, potentially leading to localized air quality concerns. Sea breezes, a consistent feature of the coastal environment, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, but their effectiveness is reduced during periods of calm weather. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding rural areas, is most prevalent towards the end of the dry season (September-October) as farmers prepare land for the next planting cycle, contributing to elevated particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor activity and avoiding areas with visible smoke. The transition months of April and October often see fluctuating air quality as the climate shifts, making it prudent to monitor conditions closely. During the wettest months (January-March), while overall pollution may be lower, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals.