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Imerimandroso, nestled within the Toamasina Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the eastern coast. Located at approximately -17.43° latitude and 48.59° longitude, the city’s immediate surroundings are characterized by a blend of coastal plains and gently undulating terrain. The proximity to the Indian Ocean exerts a profound influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. Toamasina, Madagascar’s primary port city, lies a relatively short distance to the north, creating a regional industrial and transportation hub that indirectly impacts Imerimandroso. The landscape surrounding Imerimandroso transitions from coastal scrub and mangrove ecosystems closer to the shore to more extensive agricultural zones further inland, primarily focused on clove, vanilla, and rice cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, with a population of just over 15,000, quickly giving way to rural agricultural landscapes. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which limits natural dispersion of pollutants. The prevailing easterly trade winds, common along Madagascar’s east coast, play a crucial role in air movement, potentially carrying pollutants from Toamasina or agricultural burning inland. The relatively flat topography and coastal location create a scenario where stagnant air conditions can readily develop, particularly during periods of reduced wind activity, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape, a mosaic of agriculture and coastal ecosystems, shapes the city's vulnerability to specific pollution sources.

Imerimandroso experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The wet season, typically spanning from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity. While rainfall naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can trap pollutants closer to the ground, especially during periods of calm weather. The dry season, from May to October, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased sunshine. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, intensifies during this period, leading to noticeable spikes in particulate matter and potentially carbon monoxide. The prevailing easterly trade winds are generally more consistent during the dry season, aiding in the dispersion of pollutants, but periods of reduced wind speed can lead to localized stagnation. Fog, particularly in the early morning hours during the transition months (April/May and October/November), can trap pollutants near the surface, creating temporary episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during agricultural burning season (August-October) and be mindful of fog events. During the wet season, while overall pollution levels may be lower, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for some. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the dry season when winds are stronger, but vigilance regarding agricultural burning is essential. The interplay of rainfall, humidity, wind patterns, and agricultural practices dictates the seasonal fluctuations in Imerimandroso’s air quality, demanding adaptive strategies for public health protection.