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Manambolosy, a small coastal settlement within the Toamasina Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the eastern coast. Located at approximately -16.0435° latitude and 49.6728° longitude, the town sits near the Indian Ocean, a defining feature influencing its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a gradual transition from coastal plains to low-lying hills, typical of the eastern Madagascar region. This terrain, while generally flat near the shoreline, can create localized microclimates and influence wind patterns. Manambolosy’s proximity to Toamasina, Madagascar’s largest port city and industrial hub, is a crucial factor. While Manambolosy itself is a relatively small fishing and agricultural community, it exists within the sphere of influence of Toamasina’s industrial activities, potentially experiencing downwind pollution transport. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Manambolosy maintains a distinctly rural character, with agriculture (primarily subsistence farming and fishing) dominating the local economy. Surrounding the town are areas of dense tropical forest and smaller agricultural plots. The elevation is low, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. The prevailing easterly trade winds, however, generally provide some degree of ventilation, though their effectiveness varies seasonally. The coastal location also means the town is susceptible to sea breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric stability.

Manambolosy’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality. The wet season, typically spanning November to April, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity. While the rain itself can cleanse the air of particulate matter, the increased humidity can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, especially during periods of intense solar radiation following rainfall. The dry season, from May to October, is characterized by lower rainfall and generally calmer winds. This often leads to a build-up of pollutants, particularly during the months of July and August, when atmospheric stability is highest. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, are more common during this period, trapping pollutants close to the surface. Fog, though infrequent, can also exacerbate air quality issues by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. During the wet season, outdoor activities are generally more pleasant, although caution is advised during periods of intense sunlight due to potential ozone formation. The dry season requires greater vigilance, particularly for vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions. Periods of stagnant air, often occurring in late July and August, should be avoided for strenuous outdoor activity. Local agricultural practices, such as burning vegetation after harvest, can contribute to localized air pollution events, particularly during the transition periods between seasons. The impact of Toamasina’s industrial emissions is likely more pronounced during the dry season when wind patterns are less effective at dispersing pollutants.