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Rantabe, a small town nestled within the Toamasina Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the eastern coast. Located at approximately -15.7023 latitude and 49.6391 longitude, it lies within a region characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient transitioning from the coastal plains towards the Analamanga Massif, a range of hills and low mountains. The town’s proximity to the Indian Ocean exerts a considerable influence on its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of coastal scrubland, small-scale agricultural plots (primarily vanilla, cloves, and rice cultivation), and pockets of remnant rainforest. Elevation is relatively low, generally below 100 meters above sea level, minimizing the potential for significant vertical mixing of air pollutants. Toamasina, Madagascar’s largest port city, lies approximately 30 kilometers north, and its industrial activities, including processing of agricultural products and some light manufacturing, contribute to regional air pollution patterns that can occasionally impact Rantabe. The prevailing winds, generally easterly, carry moisture and potential pollutants from the ocean and the industrial zone towards the town. The terrain, a gently sloping coastal plain, limits dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. The presence of small-scale brick kilns, often utilizing locally sourced wood, also represents a localized source of particulate matter, especially during the drier months. The coastal location means sea breezes play a crucial role in ventilation, but their effectiveness is dependent on wind strength and stability.

Rantabe experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The wet season, typically spanning November to April, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity. While the rain helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The dry season, from May to October, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. During this period, the lack of rainfall allows accumulated dust and pollutants to persist, and the increased solar radiation can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, although this is likely to be less significant than in more industrialized regions. Periods of calm winds are common during the dry season, leading to stagnant air and localized pollutant build-up, particularly around brick kilns and agricultural burning. Fog, occasionally forming during the transition months (October/November), can trap pollutants near the ground, creating short-term episodes of reduced visibility and potentially elevated exposure. The months of July and August, within the dry season, are generally considered the least favorable for outdoor activities for individuals with respiratory conditions due to the potential for accumulated pollutants and increased temperatures. Conversely, the months of March and April, as the wet season approaches, often offer improved air quality due to increased rainfall and wind. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses, should be particularly cautious during the dry season and monitor local conditions. Agricultural burning practices, common at the start of the dry season, can temporarily degrade air quality.