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Sahakevo, a small town nestled within the Toamasina Province of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position along the eastern coast. Located at approximately -20.2703 latitude and 47.8502 longitude, it lies within a low-lying coastal plain, gently sloping towards the Indian Ocean. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mix of coastal scrubland, interspersed with pockets of remnant rainforest and small-scale agricultural plots. Toamasina, Madagascar’s largest port city, is relatively close, influencing Sahakevo’s economic activities and potentially its air quality. The terrain is predominantly flat, limiting natural ventilation and potentially trapping pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather. The proximity to the Indian Ocean introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures but also bringing in sea salt and, occasionally, pollutants transported by prevailing winds from other regions. The urban–rural gradient around Sahakevo is gradual; the town transitions quickly into small villages and agricultural areas, primarily focused on clove and vanilla cultivation. These agricultural practices, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of vegetation for land clearing and the use of pesticides. The lack of significant elevation means that Sahakevo is susceptible to ground-level ozone formation during periods of high solar radiation and stagnant air. The coastal location also means Sahakevo is vulnerable to sea breezes which can disperse pollutants, but also carry them inland. The town’s small size and limited industrial activity currently mitigate some of these concerns, but future growth could alter this dynamic.

Sahakevo’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality. The wet season, typically spanning from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity. This generally leads to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. Stronger winds associated with the monsoon season also aid in dispersion. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to flooding, which can release pollutants from inundated areas. The dry season, from May to October, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and often, calmer winds. This combination creates conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, are more common during the dry season, trapping pollutants close to the surface. The months of July and August often experience the most stagnant air, potentially leading to elevated levels of localized pollutants from agricultural burning and domestic sources. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and avoiding areas with visible smoke. While the ocean breezes generally provide some ventilation, their effectiveness diminishes during periods of calm weather. The increased use of charcoal for cooking during the dry season, due to reduced firewood availability, also contributes to localized air pollution. During the transition months (April/May and October/November), air quality is typically more variable, influenced by shifting wind patterns and rainfall intensity.