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Sandrakatsy, a small city in the Toamasina province of Madagascar, occupies a relatively low-lying position near the Indian Ocean coastline at coordinates -16.3397, 49.6131. Its elevation is minimal, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is characterised by a humid tropical climate and a mix of coastal plains and gently undulating terrain. The city’s proximity to the ocean introduces a constant supply of moisture, influencing local weather patterns and potentially trapping pollutants. Toamasina province is a significant agricultural region, with rice paddies and vanilla plantations dominating the rural areas surrounding Sandrakatsy. While Sandrakatsy itself isn’t a major industrial hub, the port city of Toamasina, located nearby, generates industrial activity that can contribute to regional air pollution. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; transitioning quickly from densely populated residential areas to agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from burning and fertilizer use. The prevailing winds, influenced by the Indian Ocean monsoon systems, play a crucial role in pollutant transport and dispersion, though the low elevation limits the effectiveness of this natural ventilation. The city’s geography, therefore, creates conditions where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during periods of calm weather.

Sandrakatsy experiences a tropical climate defined by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality is most compromised during the dry season (roughly April to October). This is due to reduced rainfall, meaning less atmospheric cleansing, and increased dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities. The dry season winds, while offering some dispersion, can also carry dust and smoke from slash-and-burn agriculture further inland. November to March marks the wet season, bringing significant rainfall that washes pollutants from the air, resulting in generally improved air quality. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, though not as pronounced as in temperate climates, can occur during calmer periods within both seasons, trapping pollutants near ground level. February and March, towards the end of the wet season, often see a surge in humidity and potential for localized mold issues. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of high humidity. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak dust periods (dry season afternoons) and ensuring good ventilation indoors are recommended.