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Andranovory, nestled within the Toliara region of Madagascar, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at coordinates -23.1431, 44.1520, the city lies relatively close to the Mozambique Channel, approximately 25 kilometers inland. The terrain is characterised by a gently undulating landscape transitioning from coastal plains to drier, spiny forest ecosystems further inland. This proximity to the coast introduces a consistent sea breeze, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric conditions. Andranovory’s elevation is low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural ventilation. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, with significant cultivation of sisal and other cash crops, alongside traditional subsistence farming. While not a heavily industrialised centre, small-scale processing of agricultural products and artisanal activities contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; the city itself is compact, quickly giving way to rural landscapes. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities is a significant factor, exacerbated by the region’s susceptibility to drought and wind erosion. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast, carry dust and potential pollutants from inland areas towards the city, impacting air quality.

Andranovory experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, from April to November, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period sees a significant increase in airborne dust and particulate matter, originating from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. Strong southeast trade winds exacerbate the issue, carrying dust into the city. November to March constitutes the wet season, bringing relief from dust but introducing new challenges. Heavy rainfall can lead to localised flooding and the proliferation of mould, impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality. The months of August and September are typically the worst for dust exposure, while December and January, despite the rain, can see increased humidity-related respiratory issues. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak dust periods. During the wet season, ensuring good ventilation indoors is crucial to mitigate mould growth. Monitoring weather patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on high-dust days is recommended.