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Ankilimalinika, nestled within the Toliara region of Madagascar, occupies a geographically unique position on the southwestern coast. Situated at approximately -22.9569 latitude and 43.5642 longitude, the town’s location is heavily influenced by its proximity to the Mozambique Channel and the surrounding semi-arid landscape. The terrain is predominantly characterized by low-lying plains gradually rising towards the interior, a feature that impacts local wind patterns and potential for temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of scrubland, sparse woodlands, and pockets of agricultural activity, primarily focused on cassava, maize, and vanilla cultivation. This agricultural zone, while vital for the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of vegetation during land clearing and crop residue management. The urban–rural gradient around Ankilimalinika is relatively sharp; the town transitions quickly into rural agricultural areas and then into the drier, more expansive scrubland characteristic of the region. The coastal location means the town experiences a maritime influence, moderating temperatures to some extent, but also introducing salt aerosols into the air. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Ankilimalinika, but the port city of Toliara, approximately 100km to the north, could potentially influence air quality through occasional transport of pollutants via prevailing winds. The elevation is relatively low, generally below 50 meters, which limits dispersion of pollutants and can exacerbate ground-level concentrations, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Ankilimalinika’s air quality is dictated by its tropical climate, experiencing distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, presents the greatest air quality challenges. During this period, reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, which inhibits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Furthermore, the dry vegetation increases the risk of wildfires, often intentionally set for land clearing or agricultural purposes, releasing significant particulate matter and smoke into the atmosphere. Wind patterns during the dry season can be variable, sometimes leading to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of high pressure, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from November to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally washing pollutants from the air and generally improving air quality. However, periods of intense fog, common during the transition months (November/December and March/April), can trap moisture and pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in cooler climates, can occasionally occur during the dry season, further hindering pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of haze or smoke. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding fog is advised. Agricultural burning practices are a key factor influencing air quality, and minimizing exposure during these periods is crucial.