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Befandriana Atsimo, nestled within the Toliara region of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the southwestern coast. Located at approximately -22.1033 latitude and 43.8927 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping coastal plain transitioning into a more undulating landscape inland. The proximity to the Mozambique Channel exerts a considerable influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of spiny forest, a unique biome adapted to arid conditions, interspersed with pockets of agricultural land primarily dedicated to vanilla, cloves, and cassava cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of vegetation for land clearing and the use of fertilizers. The urban–rural gradient around Befandriana Atsimo is relatively gradual, with small villages and agricultural plots blending seamlessly into the urban fabric. The elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which limits the potential for significant vertical mixing of air pollutants. The coastal location also means the city is susceptible to sea breezes, which can disperse pollutants but also carry saline aerosols. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Befandriana Atsimo; however, the regional port of Toliara, approximately 100km away, represents a potential source of maritime-related emissions that could occasionally impact air quality, particularly during periods of prevailing winds.

Befandriana Atsimo experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and lower humidity. During this period, the lack of rainfall and reduced vegetation cover can exacerbate dust pollution, particularly from unpaved roads and agricultural activities. Wind patterns during the dry season are often more stable, occasionally leading to localized temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The wet season, from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity. While rainfall naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, especially during periods of intense solar radiation. Agricultural burning, a common practice at the start of the wet season to prepare fields, represents a significant episodic pollution event. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the transition months (April/May and October/November), trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of high dust levels. The start of the wet season, with agricultural burning, also warrants heightened awareness. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although ozone levels should be monitored during periods of intense sunshine.