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Belamoty, nestled within the Toliara region of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the southwestern coast. Located at approximately -23.5585° latitude and 44.8091° longitude, the town’s setting is characterized by a gently sloping terrain transitioning from coastal plains to the foothills of the Androy Massif. This proximity to the Mozambique Channel exerts a strong influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of spiny forest, a unique biome adapted to arid conditions, interspersed with pockets of agricultural land primarily dedicated to vanilla, rice, and cassava cultivation. The urban–rural gradient around Belamoty is relatively sharp; the town itself is a small settlement, quickly giving way to the extensive spiny forest and scattered rural communities. Elevation is generally low, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which limits the potential for significant vertical mixing of air pollutants. While Belamoty lacks large-scale industrial zones within its immediate vicinity, the regional importance of Toliara as a port city and agricultural hub means that some transport-related emissions and agricultural burning practices in surrounding areas can impact air quality. The coastal location also means Belamoty is susceptible to sea salt aerosol deposition, a natural contributor to particulate matter. The prevailing winds, often originating from the east, carry moisture and potential pollutants from the channel, impacting local air quality patterns.

Belamoty’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased sunshine hours. While this might seem beneficial, the lack of rainfall allows dust and particulate matter, originating from agricultural fields and unpaved roads, to accumulate. The lower humidity also contributes to increased concentrations of certain pollutants. During this period, stagnant air conditions are more frequent, particularly during the cooler months of July and August, potentially leading to localized air quality concerns. The wet season, from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally washes away particulate matter and helps to dilute gaseous pollutants. However, the onset of the wet season can be preceded by periods of intense agricultural burning as farmers clear land for planting, resulting in temporary spikes in smoke and particulate pollution. Fog, a relatively common occurrence during the transition months (October-November), can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding agricultural burning is advised. The interplay of wind patterns and rainfall dictates the overall air quality profile, with the dry season presenting the greatest challenges.