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Betroka, nestled in the Toliara region of southern Madagascar, occupies a unique geographic position within a semi-arid landscape. Situated at coordinates -23.2684, 46.0963, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 950 meters, contributing to relatively cooler temperatures compared to the coastal plains. The surrounding terrain is characterised by rolling hills and plateaus, part of the broader Mahafaly Plateau, interspersed with dry forests and spiny bush vegetation. Betroka isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though it lies within the watershed of several ephemeral rivers that swell during the rainy season. The urban character is largely defined by its role as a regional market centre and administrative hub for agricultural production. Surrounding Betroka are extensive agricultural zones, primarily focused on maize, cassava, and livestock farming. These agricultural activities, alongside charcoal production for cooking and heating, are significant contributors to localised air pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable increase in dust and particulate matter as one moves closer to the city centre due to unpaved roads and construction. The prevailing winds, influenced by the Indian Ocean monsoon, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, depending on the season.

Betroka experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, from April to October, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period sees a peak in dust and particulate matter pollution, exacerbated by agricultural activities like land preparation and harvesting, and increased charcoal burning. Strong winds during this time can carry dust plumes across the city, impacting respiratory health. November to March marks the wet season, bringing relief from dust but introducing new challenges. While rainfall washes away some particulate matter, increased humidity can trap pollutants closer to the ground, potentially leading to localised smog. The wet season also sees increased mould spore counts, affecting allergy sufferers. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality. Months like August and September are generally the least favourable for outdoor activity due to peak dust levels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor exertion during these periods. Conversely, the early wet season months (November/December) offer comparatively cleaner air, though vigilance regarding humidity-related issues is advised.