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Ejeda, nestled within the Toliara region of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the southwestern coast. Located at approximately -24.3415° latitude and 44.5178° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping coastal plain transitioning into a backdrop of rolling hills and the broader Mahafaly Plateau. This proximity to the Mozambique Channel exerts a strong influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of spiny forest, a unique biome adapted to arid conditions, interspersed with pockets of agricultural land primarily dedicated to cassava, maize, and vanilla cultivation. The urban–rural gradient around Ejeda is relatively gradual, with small villages and agricultural plots blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. While Ejeda itself is not a major industrial hub, it serves as a regional market town, experiencing periodic influxes of vehicles and goods transported from inland agricultural zones. The elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Mozambique Channel, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne particles, influenced by the topography of the surrounding plateau. The coastal location also means the city is susceptible to salt spray, which can contribute to particulate matter in the air, particularly during windy periods.

Ejeda’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its tropical climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season pattern. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter due to agricultural burning practices in the surrounding areas as farmers prepare land for planting. While not industrial, the burning of vegetation releases smoke and fine particles that can linger, especially during periods of calm winds. The wet season, from November to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away pollutants and increased moisture traps particles. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to localized flooding, potentially releasing mould spores and other allergens into the air. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally occur during the cooler months (June-August), trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly in the lower-lying areas of the city. Fog, a relatively uncommon occurrence, can also exacerbate air quality issues by reducing atmospheric mixing. During the dry season, individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, should exercise caution and monitor for any irritation. The elderly and young children are particularly vulnerable. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies should be mindful of potential mould exposure following flooding. Maintaining good ventilation in homes and avoiding prolonged exposure to damp areas is advisable throughout the year.