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Itondy, nestled within the Toliara region of Madagascar, occupies a geographically significant position on the southwestern coast. Located at approximately -19.0625 latitude and 45.3477 longitude, the city’s immediate surroundings are characterized by a blend of coastal plains and gently undulating terrain, rising gradually towards the interior highlands. The proximity to the Mozambique Channel exerts a powerful influence, moderating temperatures and contributing to a humid, tropical climate. The landscape is dominated by sparse vegetation, typical of dry deciduous forests and scrubland, interspersed with pockets of agricultural activity, primarily focused on vanilla, spices, and cassava cultivation. This agricultural zone extends outwards from Itondy, creating a discernible urban-rural gradient. The city itself is relatively small, exhibiting a low-density urban character with a mix of traditional housing and more modern constructions. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Itondy; however, Toliara, the regional capital, lies within a reasonable distance, and occasional transport of goods and materials could contribute to localized air quality fluctuations. The prevailing winds generally blow onshore from the Mozambique Channel, potentially carrying marine aerosols and, under certain conditions, pollutants from Toliara. Elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape, largely undeveloped, offers some natural air purification, but the increasing population and agricultural practices present ongoing challenges.

Itondy’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its tropical climate, experiencing a distinct wet and dry season rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural burning practices, as farmers clear land for planting and harvest crops. The lack of consistent rainfall during this period allows these emissions to linger, particularly when light winds prevail. Temperature inversions, though not as frequent as in colder climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially during the cooler months of June and July. The wet season, from November to April, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally helps to cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. Stronger winds associated with the monsoon also disperse pollutants more effectively. Fog, a relatively uncommon occurrence, can occasionally form during the cooler, drier months, temporarily reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although heavy rainfall can still impact air quality due to increased moisture and potential flooding. The combination of agricultural practices and meteorological conditions dictates the annual air quality cycle in Itondy, highlighting the need for sustainable land management and air quality monitoring.